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Replacing the VUmeters.

VUmeters measure the volume (intensity) of analog audio signals. Theydisplay signal levels in volume units (VU), a measure of average volumelevel. By definition, a volume indicator (VI) reading of 0 VU describesa 600-ohm resistance in which 1 milliwatt (mW) of sine-wave power flowsat 1000 cycles per second (CPS). Most VU meters have a scale from -20to +3, and rise and fall times of 300 milliseconds (ms). If a constantsine-wave of 0 VU is applied, the meter will achieve 0 VU in 300 ms.Readings on the VU scale are approximately log to the base 10 of thepower ratio referenced to that level. For a pure 100-Hz sine wave, 0 VUequals 0 dBm or 0.775-V root means square (RMS). In practice, however,VU meters contain an isolating resistor so that 0 VU equals +4 dBm fora pure sine wave.

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2. I worked with a company that used a smaller 14/4 version. It was a basic little console, had decent sound, better than my Soundcraft Folio at the time, but not as good as the VLZ series Mackie. If it's cheap enough and no channels dead or dirty, i'd not hesitate to pick it up. SoundTracs Topaz S16-4 Mixer?? Tue Sep 28, 2010 2:40 pm.

Selectingaudio meters requires an understanding of the differencesbetween VU meters and peak program meters (PPM). Whereas VU metersdisplay the average volume level of an audio signal, PPMs display peakvolume. The difference between the reading of a VU meter and a peakprogram meter (PPM) is called the crest factor. VU meters and PPMs alsodiffer in terms of acceleration and deceleration rates (ballistics).Whereas a VU meter takes 300 ms to stabilize when a 1 kHz steady-statetone is introduced, a PPM stabilizes in just 10 ms. Because of theirballistics, then, VU meters must sample the audio signal over a longerperiod of time than audio meters such as PPMs.

VUmeters are designed to provide a very slow response, and areoptimized for perceived loudness instead of peak performance. In termsof their internal circuitry, they contain a single diode, a seleniumbridge rectifier, or a germanium diode bridge. Although activerectification is used to keep the diode voltage-drop from causing largeinaccuracies, amplification of the signal can reduce the overallcomponent count. To control the VU meter’s movement and minimizeovershoot, some devices include capacitors.

Youcan replace the VU meters on the Topaz. Expensive replacement VU metersare fromSifam, other VU meterswill work, look for ma meters with VU scale calibration to replace thebroken meters in your Topaz.
Replacing the lamps insidethe factory VU meters
This procedure is for replacing the lamps in thefactory VU meters
on the Soundtracs Topaz meterbridge.

1. Remove meterbridge from console. You will have totake apart the meterbridge in order to replace the lamps.
2.Remove all of the outer screws holding together the meterbridge's frontand rear panel. Once all of the front and rear external screwsare removed, the meterbridge's front and rear panels will seperate intotwo parts rathereasily. Check to be sure you got the screws underneath the front LEDmeters. No need to force or pry open the meterbridge once all of thescrews are removed.

looking at the meterbridge in it's two halves...
A.The front panel, which will have mounted to it the LED meterpcbs & the VU meter module.
B. The rear panel, the meterbridge's toroidal transformer& the XLR terminal for the external transformer.
3.Easy to follow from the transformer are the power lines,terminated with molex plugs, which are connected to the VUmeter module.Commit to memory the molex connections of your front and rear panel tothe VU module or take a photo if you need, you are going to need toplugit back together. Take note of the pin location for the connectionleading away from the VU module to the front panels LED pcb, thisspecific molex only plugs in to two of the available four pins (seepics). Because we will want to remove the VU module from the rear panelof the meterbridge, unplug the molex connections from the VU metermodule.

4.Once you have unplugged the molex connections and removedthe four screw clampsholding the VU module to the front panel of themeterbridge, the VU module should come awayfree from the front panel.

5. Place the VU module on a flat surface with themeters facing you.


6.With just your hands you can easily remove the front plastic covers toeach of your VU meters on the module. If you want to be more carefulyou can use a small screw driver and along the base of the plastic VUmeter covers you can find availble opennings to easily pry off theplastic VU covers.


7.With the plastic covers removed you caneasily see the Lamp bulb lying across the bottom of the meter,right across the needle's bridge. There are two solder connections foreach bulb on each meter.
8. Heat up your soldering iron toremove the old factory Lamp from these solder connections. A lighttouch with your iron should be effecient enough to warm up the solderat theconnection and free the leg pins of the Lamp. Each Lamp has twoconnections at the base of the meter.
Inaddition to basic soldering skills, a soldering iron, and solder, youmight also need a solder wick or pump for removing solder, a small pairof wire cutters, a magnifying glass.

9.Use the old Lamp bulb pins as a guide to how much length you will needfrom the bulb's leg pins in order to solder the bulb between the twoconnection points. Also, you might observe how the factory bent theconnection wires of the bulb and where the bulb rests on the meter.(see pics)

10.When you solder in the bulbs, you can take two approaches. First, use alittle extra solder on the tip of your iron and just solder the lamppins right down into the existing factory solder. Seven times out often this will work fine and your bulbs will illuminate solid. Thoughsometimes this may result in an intermittant bulb, turning on and off,or flickering once all put back together. The old solder is causing abad non continuos connection. So your second approach may be to use adesoldering wick and pull some of the old factory solder off the vumeter's connections, and thus being able to solder directly to theterminal. Both procedures were called for when I did my replacement.The yellow fuzzy plastic, carpetting the bottom half of the VU meterdidn't help for a clean blulb replacement.
11.Use you DVM to do a continuity test from the far side of each of yoursolder connections to the bulb, to feel confident that your solderjoints are solid before reassembling your meterbridge to enjoy yournew replacement bulbs.
12. Remount the VU meter moduleto the front panel, correctly plug back up your molex connections&bolt back together your meterbridge. All Done.

How to adjust,calibrate & test your VU meters

The meter's adjustment screwfitted into the bottom center'solid black plastic area' of the vu meter's plastic cover thevu meter is for setting zero.

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If yourneedle seems a bit off zero when at rest, you can use a flat head screwdriver to correctly adjust the needle.
to correctly adjustyour VU meter...
Youwill need a 400~1KHz constant tone (I use a signal generator) and anaccurate meter good at those frequencies. Your garden variety DVM isvery little use past 120 Hz. A VTVM, vacuum tube volt meter, wouldcertainly be ideal.
Toadjust VU meter, try running the same sine wave into two channels via Ycable. Use a sine wave no higher than 1KHz and adjust the VU meters tozero to match.


How to Calibrate the VUMeter on a mixer
Why does aVU meter require calibration?
AVU meter indicates the signal level being sent from the mixer to thenext device. A VU meter can be calibrated to any reference leveldesired. In the United States, the most common reference level is 0VU =+4dbm. That is, when the VU meter needle is lined up with 0 reading onthe meter face, the audio signal at the output of the mixer has a levelof +4dbm. Please note that the 0 indication on any VU meter has nopre-determined value. 0 VU is simply a point of reference.
What does +4dbm equal involts?
+4dbm equals a signalvoltage of 1.23 volts measured across a 600 ohm load.
What is required tocalibrate a VU meter for a reference level of 0VU = +4dbm?
A multimeter that can accurately measure audio signal levels at 1kHz. Agood multimeter is required. Do not use inexpensive multimeters as thecalibration will not be accurate.
A 600 ohmload resistor. Create a 600 ohm resistor by using one 270 ohm resistorand one 330 ohm resistor. Solder the lead of one resistor to one leadof the other. This puts the resistors in series and their values addtogether to create a 'new' resistor with a value of 600 ohms.
An XLRfemale connector to mate with the mixer's male XLR outputconnector. Remove the outer metal shell of the female XLR connector asit will not be used. Solder one lead of the 600 ohm resistor to pin 2of the female XLR connector. Solder the other lead of the 600 ohmresistor to pin 3 of the female XLR connector.
Use a set of insulated alligator clip test leads to connect themultimeter to the 600 ohm load.
Here are the steps for VUmeter calibration.
1. Set the XLR output level of the mixerto LINE.
2. Connect the female XLR connector withthe 600 ohm load to the mixer's XLR output.
3. Using the alligator clips, connect one multimeter probe topin 2 of the female XLR. Connect
the othermultimeter probe to pin 3 ofthe female XLR.
4. Power up the multimeter and set it toread AC voltage.
5. Power up the mixer.
6. Turn on the mixer's 1kHz toneoscillator, a signal generator or
line feed : sampledrecorded 1kHz tone (see samples above)
7. Turn up the mixer's Master control until the multimeter reads 1.23volts.
Note: on some mixers youmay also have to turn up the levelcontrol for input #1.
In that case, set theMaster to the middle of its range and turn up input #1 until
the multimeter reads 1.23volts.
8. With the multimeter reading 1.23 volts (or as close as possible),adjust
the mixer's VUcalibration
controluntil the meter reads 0 VU.See your mixer's User Guide to find the location of the VU
calibrationadjustments.
9. If you have a stereo mixer, dothis same calibration for the Left output and the Right output. Making certainthat the channel pan pots are in the centerposition.
Other common calibrationlevels besides +4dbm are...
+8dbm = 1.95 volts; 0dbm= 0.775 volts
Question: What is UnityGain?
Areader writes: 'I keep hearing about the idea of 'unity gain' whentalking about microphone preamps and my recording mixer. What is unitygain, and how does it help?'
Answer: When we talk about 'gain',we're talking about one device's ability to take the lower level of onesignal and bring it to a higher voltage level. A great example of thisis a microphone preamp; a preamp applies gain to amplify the signalcoming from a microphone.
In the idea of unity gain, the inputand the output between two devices are the same level. That's to say,when a microphone is outputting 0db, a mixer will also be outputting0db worth of signal. Unity gain is established by calibrating twopieces of equipment to talk at the same level.
Frequently, thebest way to set unity gain is to adjust a microphone or line signalgain to 0db, measured both at the preamp and output stage, and thenmatch that 0db level simultaneously on the input of the second piece ofequipment -- whether an amplifier, recording software, or mixer.
Unitygain is useful for several reasons. First, it gives significantlycleaner and non-distorted signal. Microphones will sound much fullerand with much better dynamic range. There will also be a much easiertime applying outboard effects, as most effects units are set to accepta unity signal.
If you're mixing sound live, getting proper gainstaging is important. You'll also nearly eliminate major feedbackproblems, as a proper unity gain allows optimal gain-before-feedback.Keep in mind, the more gain you can get cleanly and without distortion,the better your mixes will sound!

Interested in UNITY GAINand Calibration
interesting forumconversation with a Topaz user attempting to calibrate his meters
Somevery educated answers are made in this forum conversation. I havepaisted here the more learned text from the link conversation above. Inthe original conversation the user has a Rosetta 200 in their setup, inmy editted text below I replaced this with DI ( digital interface ).The Apogee Rosetta 200 was a 2-channel 192kHz 24-bit AD/DA Converter.This theory should work for any DI device in the recording chain, and Idon't own one of these DIs, so it helps me to think sometimes if I editout the non-existent equipment.

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Ok,here is an opportunity to clarify this dB business. dB is anabbreviation for decibels. Decibels are a logarithmic measurement,which means they are not a linear measurement. 1+1=2, but 1dB+1dB !=(the '!=' means does not equal) 2dB. Decibel measurements are alwaysreferenced to a nominal operating level, which is defined as 0 dB. Notonly are decibel measurements referenced to a nominal operating level,but they are also referenced to another measurement! To trulyunderstand a measurement expressed in dB, you need to know...
1.The measurement that is being referenced to.
2.What the 0dB value of the referenced measurement is.

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+4dBu(remember, capitalization matters) means that a device is operating at4dB above (hence the + sign) 0dBu, which was defined above as being0.775VRMS. The u was defined asmeaning the high impedance circuit has no load connected. So if 0dBu =0.775 VRMS, then what voltage is represented by +4dBu? This is wherethe log and anti-log keys on your calculator become useful. The formulafor calculating voltages with logs is dBu = 20 log (base 10) Vo/Viwhere dBu is the reference value, Vo is the output voltage, and Vi isthe input voltage. We know that 0 dBu = 0.775VRMS, so to determine whatvoltage corresponds to +4dBu, we calculate it as
4 =20 log (base 10) Vo/Vi
4÷20= log (base 10) Vo/Vi

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.2= 10 log (base 10) Vo/Vi
Nowwe take the anti-log of .2 This can be thought of as raising 10 to thepower of .2.
10anti-log .2 = Vo/Vi
1.585= Vo/Vi
Now,we know the input voltage is 0.775VRMS, so
1.585= Vo/0.775
1.585*0.775= Vo
1.228VRMS= Vo
Wehave just calculated that audio equipment whose nominal operating levelis specified as +4dBu operates at a nominal voltage of 1.228VRMS! stikecooge What are the implications of this? Well, besides learning somemath, you now know that if your audio interface outputs, digital I/O(DI BOX), and Topaz inputs are all specified to operate at a nominallevel of +4dBu that you could use a voltmeter at each point in thechain to verify that everything is operating at unity gain by checkingto see that the voltage is 1.228VRMS.

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Thesimple procedure from the lecture...
1.Play a 1kHz sine tone whose dbFS level you want to represent 0 dB VU.Make certain that all of your faders in your DAW are at unity (0 dBgain) with no other processing.
2.In this case you want to calibrate your DI BOX.So route the sine tone output of his DAW into the DI. Thencalibrate the DI so that its meters indicate the same level as the sinetone is set to in the DAW.
3.Then set the faders on the Topaz at unity (0 dB gain) and adjusts thetrim until the Topaz meters indicate the same level as the sine tone isset to in the DAW.
4.If he wants to be certain he is operating at unity gain throughout theabove chain, he can use a voltmeter to measure his DAW's output and hisDI's output to be 1.228VRMS.

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